Background
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Antibodies - extremely powerful tools in biomedical research - are large complex molecules (150 kDa) consisting of two heavy and two light chains. Due to their complex structure the use of antibodies is often limited.
Camelidae (camels, dromedaries, llamas and alpacas) produce functional antibodies devoid of light chains, so called heavy chain antibodies (hcAbs). hcAbs recognize and bind their antigens via a single variable domain (VHH). These VHH domains are the smallest intact antigen binding fragments (molecular weight: 13 kDa), characterized by excellent stability, high specificity and affinities in the low nanomolar range.
The nuclear lamina is a meshwork enclosing the entire nucleus - the control center of eukaryotic cells. Its function is to hold together nuclear content and to add mechanical support to the nucleus. The nuclear lamina is a very sensitive subcellular structure. It has to maintain certain rigidity and at the same time allow structural dynamics. Therefore, artificial incorporation of overexpressed and fluorescently labeled lamin protein mostly leads to undesired cytotoxic side effects.
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